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YÊU CẦU BÁO GIÁ
ĐỪNG BỎ LỠ! Khám phá Kho bản dịch mẫu đồ sộ với hơn 1.000 bản dịch mẫu chất lượng cao của chúng tôi.
NATIONAL TECHNICAL REGULATION
ON LIGHT ALLOY WHEELS FOR AUTOMOBILES 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS
1.1. Scope of adjustment
This Regulation prescribes the technical requirements and technical safety quality inspection for aluminum alloy wheels and magnesium alloy wheels (referred to as light alloy wheels) used for the purpose mounted on a vehicle or as a replacement wheel for a motor vehicle in categories of cars (M1), categories of trucks with a total mass not exceed 3,5 tons (N1).
This Regulation does not apply to the type of light alloy wheels mounted on the vehicles used for security, defense.
1.2. Subject of application This Regulation applies for:
– The organizations and individuals producing, assembling, importing, distributing the light alloy wheels
– The organizations and individuals producing, assembling, importing, distributing the vehicle that using light alloy wheels
– The agencies, organizations and individuals involved in the testing, inspecting the Quality Certification of technical safety and environmental protection.
1.3. Interpretation of terms
The terms below are used in this Regulation: 1.3.1. Wheel
This means a rotating load-carrying member between the tire and the axle. It usually consists of two major parts: the rim and the wheel disc (or spoke), may be attached or detachable. The wheel can be cast, forged or bonded.
a Nominal width of the rim b Flange width
c Location of the flange radius D Nominal diameter of the rim
d Diameter of the valve hole f Location of the valve hole g Flange height
H Rim well depth l Rim well width
m Location of the rim well
p Bead seat width
r1 Flange curved radius r2 Flange radius
r3 Bead seat edge radius
r4 Radius of the borehole top – the edge of tire fitting
r5 Rim well edge radius
r6 The sharp radius of the flange
r7 Radius of the borehole top – the edge without tire
a Rim well angle b Bead seat angle
1 Median plane of the rim
Figure 1 – Cross section of the rim 1.3.2. Rim
This means that part of the wheel where the tire is mounted and supported. 1.3.3. Tire bead seat
This part of the wheel forms a radial bead face for the tire. 1.3.4. Wheel disc (or spoke)
Wheel disc (or spoke) means that part of the wheel which is between the rim and hub. 1.3.5. Median plane of the vehicle rim
This means that the plane is perpendicular to the axis of the wheel and equally divides the rim flange.
1.3.6. Offset
The offset, denoted by d, means the distance between the median plane of the rim and the mounting surface of the wheel and axis. The offset is divided into:
– Positive offset: This means the offset when the median plane of the rim is inward (the side of vehicle body) compared to the mounting surface of the wheel and axis.
– Negative offset: This means the offset when the median plane of the rim is outward compared to the mounting surface of the wheel and axis.
– Zero offset: This means the offset when the median plane of the rim is even with the mounting surface of the wheel and axis.
1 Median plane of the rim 7 mounting plane of the wheel and axis 2 Wheel disc 8 Positive offset (d>0)
3 Bolt mounting platform 9 Rim
4 Pitch circle diameter 10 Zero offset (d=0)
5 Center hole diameter 11 Negative offset (d<0) 6 Mounting surface diameter
Figure 2: The offset of light alloy wheel 1.3.7. Casting wheel
This means the wheel that rim and the spoke or wheel disc are manufactured as a part.
Section A-A
- Valve hole 7. Spoke
- Outside flange 8. Bolt mounting holes 3. Tire bead seat 9. Hub
- Outboard hump 10. Median plane of the rim
- Rim trough 11. Distance from medium plane of the rim to 6. Inboard hump mounting surface
Figure 3: Casting wheel 1.3.8. Welding Wheel
This means the wheel that the rim and the spoke (or wheel disc) are manufactured separately, and via welding to form a wheel.
Section A-A
- Valve hole 9. seem 2. rim 10. weld 3. Outside flange 11. Spoke
- Rim well 12. Bolt mounting holes 5. Tire mounting platform 13. Hub
- Outboard hump 14. Median plane of the rim
- Inboard hump 15. Distance from medium plane of the 8. Inside flange rim to mounting surface.
Figure 4: Welding Wheel 1.3.9. Cracked wheel
This means a damage form of the wheel, is a non-uniform stain forming two independent surfaces visible on the material, cracks appeared from the beginning or generated during the test.
1.3.10. Broken wheel
This means a damage form of the wheel, is crack(s) extend through the entire width of the wheel.
1.3.11. Maximum static load allowed to the wheel
This means the maximum vertical static load that allowed to any wheel specified by the vehicle manufacturer for individual applications, or is the allowed maximum load standard for the tire and wheel dimension of its according to Standard manual.
1.3.12. Radial static load of the tire (R)
This means the tire’s radial measured by distance from the wheel axis center to the packing plane when the wheel is standing idle under the unload condition.
- TECHNICAL PROVISIONS
2.1. Requirements for light alloy wheels 2.1.1. General requirements
2.1.1.1. The wheel type must match its technical documents
2.1.1.2. The dimensions of the wheel profile and the valve hole’s dimension must be in accordance with the technical documentation of the tested wheel.
2.1.1.3. The light alloy wheels that appear the structural damage during manufacture must not repaired in any way but must be eliminated.
2.1.1.4. The wheel dimension error must not more than 1.2mm from the nominal diameter. 2.1.1.5. Wheel surface
The wheel surface must be meets the following requirements:
- a) The wheel surface after the finishing must not have cracks, splits and other defects can be seen;
- b) The wheel surface roughness at the position contacted to the tire must not exceeded 2 mm, surface treatment before mounting the tire to the rim is required. The inboard and outboard angles of the flange must not have sharp edge. The valve hole edge must be not sharp, too. The wheel surface at the position mounted the tire and at valve hole walls must have the structures or surfaces must not badly affect to the feature of tires, tubes and valves. 2.1.2. Requirement for tests
2.1.2.1. Requirement for air tightness
The wheels which use the tubeless tires must not leaked air through the flange when inflated to the test pressure according to Appendix A for a minimum period of 2 minutes.
2.1.2.2. Flexural Fatigue
When tested according to Appendix B, the wheel rim must withstand 100,000 test cycles without damaged. The following problems are considered damage:
- a) Fracture(s) appear in any part of the wheel rim;
- b) One or more nuts of the wheel self-loosening to the moment less than 60% of the original moment, or there is a significant deformation or any abnormal loosening at the joints of the wheel has been reinforce
2.1.2.3 Radial Fatigue
When tested according to Appendix C, the wheel rim must withstand 500,000 test cycles without damaged. The following problems are considered damage:
- a) The flange is no longer able to hold the tire;
- b) Fracture(s) appear in any part of the wheel rim;
- c) One or more bolts of nuts of the mounted wheel self-loosening to the moment less than 60% of the original moment, there is a significant deformation or any abnormal loosening at the joints of the wheel has been reinfo
- d) The air pressure was not maintained, due to the leak in the wheel. 2.1.2.4. Durability under the effect of impact load
When tested according to Appendix D, the wheel rim must withstand an impact load at the specified force without damaged. The wheel is considered to have failed the test if any of the following signs:
- a) Fracture(s) appear crossing through a section of the center member of the wheel assembly; b) Spokes are separated from the rim;
- c) The inner pressure of the tire is reduced to the outside air pressure within 1 minut
If the wheel is deformed or cracked at the position where the flange in contact with the impact surface of the impact load, it is not considered to be damaged.
2.2. Tests
- a) The wheel which uses a tubeless tire tested in accordance with Appendix A; b) All wheel types must be tested in accordance with Appendix B, C, and D. 2.3. Criterias of evaluation
2.3.1. The tested wheel is considered satisfactory when they meet the requirements of section 2.1.1 and 2.1.2
2.3.2. The product type is considered satisfactory when all samples are passed. 3. MANAGEMENT PROVISIONS
3.1. Testing, inspecting method
The wheel must be inspected, tested in accordance with regulations of the Minister of Communications and Transport: “Regulations on the environment protection and technical safety quality inspection in motor vehicle production and assembly”;
3.2. Technical documents and samples
When there is a need for testing, facilities producing, assembling vehicles, facilities producing, importing wheels must provide testing establishments with technical documents and samples as required in section 3.2.1 and 3.2.2.
3.2.1. Technical document requirements
The technical document of the wheel must contain the following information: – Technical drawings of the wheel;
– The technical specifications register represents the following information: + The name or trade mark of the wheel;
+ Code of wheel size;
+ Using tube tires or tubeless tires;
+ The largest tire size code can be fitted to the test alloy rim; + Tire pressure;
+ Position on the vehicle (front wheel, rear wheel); + Nominal load capacity of the wheel;
+ Categories of the motor vehicle (M1, N1). 3.2.2. Requirement for the samples
The samples for each type of the light alloy rim to be tested include: – 01 sample for the bending fatigue test of wheel;
– 01 sample for the radial fatigue test of wheel; – 02 sample for the impact test;
Do not use a wheel for more than one test content. 3.3. Test reports
The test establishment must prepare a test result report containing the items at least including the provisions specified in this Regulation corresponding to each wheel type and vehicle categories is intended.
3.4. Apply provisions
In cases documents and literatures referred by this Regulation are changed, amended or replaced, the provisions of the new document shall be applied.
3.5. For the wheel types that have been tested, inspected according to provisions in section 3.1 and have had a suitable application file, must be issued a Test report according to section 3.3 above.
- IMPLEMENTATION ORGANIZATION 4.1. Implementation schedule
This Regulation takes effect on June 1, 2015 and applied to the following schedule:
– After 2 years, since this Regulation taken effect for the wheel types are intended to mounting on the new vehicle which tested and issued the Type Approval Certificate for the first time.
– After 4 years, since this Regulation taken effect for the wheel types are intended to mounting on the vehicle which had been issued the Type Approval Certificate before the effective date of the Regulation and for the replacement wheel types.
4.2. Responsibilities of Vietnam Register
The Vietnam Register is responsible for implementing and guiding the implementation of this Regulation in quality and technical safety inspections for manufactured, assembled and imported vehicles and/or wheels.
APPENDIX A AIR TIGHTNESS TEST
A.1. Purpose
This appendix specifies to evaluate the air tightness of the wheels which use tubeless tires. A.2. Requirements
The wheel is mounted a tubeless tire according to the manufacturer’s provisions. The wheel must not be leaked when testing at the following pressure:
- a) 450 kPa; or
- b) a double amount of the nominal pressure which is specified for the largest pressure tire used to mount the whee
A.3. Test method
After inflating the tire to the specified pressure, soak the wheel in water, let the wheel settles in water and then inspect the air leakage from the wheel.
There must be no leakage of air through the wheel presented by air bubbles after the application of the test pressure specified in section A.2 for at least 2 minutes.
APPENDIX B FLEXURAL FATIGUE TEST
B.1. Purpose
This appendix describes the method evaluates the fatigue strength of spokes or wheel discs and the linking of spokes or wheel disc with rim, simulate the dynamic effects on the wheel when the vehicle enters the curve.
B.2. Theory
Place a constant bending moment on the wheel axis and rotate the wheel for a certain number of cycles to determine if the rim is defective.
B.3. Equipment
B.3.1. Model of test equipment
The test equipment has a circular rotary disc and transmits a constant moment to the wheel (see Figure B.1).
Note: The test equipment designed to be able use horizontally or vertically. B.3.2. Load system
The bending moment is achieved by placing a force on the axis (lever arm) at the specified distance from the mounting surface of the wheel to the lever arm (this distance is called the lever arm length). The lever arm is mounting to the wheel assembly via a connecting pipe to simulating the wheel assembly mounted on the axis.
The load system must be maintained the loading within the value range specified in section B.4 with a tolerance of 2.5%.
Note: The protective equipment must be installed to stop the machine when the bending force on the lever arm exceeds the specified limit.
Bearing
Load
Protective Arm length equipment
Fixture
Rotated disc
Figure B.1: Typical flexural fatigue test machine B.4. Test moment
The bending moment (M) is placed on the tested wheel calculated in accordance with following formula:
M = (Rxm + d)xFvxS (B.1) Where:
M: Bending moment (force x lever arm length), in N.m;
R: Static load radial, in m, of largest tire used for wheel; R is calculated by the medium
working radian of the wheel, with formula R = Ro.g (where Ro is the design radial of the wheel, g is a coefficient mentions the deformation of the tire, to be selected depending on the type of tire, g = 0.930 ¸ 0.935 for low-pressure tires, g = 0.945 ¸ 0.950 for high-pressure tires);
m: Coefficient of friction between the tire and ground (taken as 0.7)
d: Offset (This distance is positive when the median plane of the wheel lies on the inside (side of the vehicle) of the mounting plane of the wheel with axis, and negative when the median plane of the rim lies on the outside of the mounting plane of the wheel with axis), in m;
Fv: Allowed maximum static load capacity of any wheel, in N; S: Factor of safety (taken as 1.6).
B.5. Installation for test
The flanges or the wheels and tire are fixed rigidly to the chuck by fixtures. Note:
– The exposure length with the fixtures must be about 80% of the wheel perimeter.
– The lever arm and connecting pipe are fixed to mounting surface of the wheel by grease non-contaminated rivets and bolts such as is fixed on a vehicle.
– A force measuring unit can be mounted.
– Nuts (or bolts) of the wheel must be tightened to the moment specified by the vehicle or wheel manufacturer. The load placed on the lever arm is raised in accordance with the testing load calculated by formula B.1.
B.6. Test procedure
Test procedure as following:
- a) Start the test machine.
- b) Bolts or nuts are tightened to the moment specified by the vehicle manufacturer and retightened after 10,000 cycles approximately.
- C) After finishing 100,000 cycle tests, carry out a check for broken trac
APPENDIX C
RADIAL FATIGUE DYNAMIC TEST C.1. Purpose
This appendix describes the method evaluates the fatigue strength of the wheel under the effect of radial stress and tire bending.
C.2. Equipment C.2.1. Test equipment
The test equipment has a drum is rotatable and has a test drum face width greater than the tested tire width.
Note: Drum diameter is recommended at 1707.6 mm, corresponding to 187.5 rounds/km. C.2.2. Load system
The wheel fitted with tire is pressed into the test drum surface at specified nominal loads with the direction being the line through the center of the wheel and the test drum. Fixing a hub to the test wheel simulates fixing to a vehicle. The load system must be maintained the loading within the value range specified in section C.3 with a tolerance of 2.5%. Typical test equipment is shown on figure C.1
C.2.3. Tire(s)
The tested tires are tubeless tires specified by the wheel manufacturer, or a suitable tire listed in the respective tire and wheel guide. The tire is inflated to the following pressure:
Working pressure, kPa Test pressure, kPa P £ 160 280
160 < P £ 280 450 280. 500
In case tire is failed during the test, the test will be continued after changing the failed tire. C.3. Test moment
The radial test load (Fr), in N, places on the test wheel is calculated by the following formula: Fr = KxFv
Where:
Fv: Maximum load capacity of any wheel, in N; K: Factor of safety (taken as 2.25).
Note: Maximum load capacity for the corresponding trailer of vehicle manufacturer C.4. Installation for test
The wheel is fixed to hub of the test machine by oil non-contaminated rivets or bolts-nuts such as specified for the wheel assembly. Nuts are tightened to the moment specified by the vehicle or wheel manufacturer. The installation diagram for the radial fatigue test of the wheel is shown in Figure C.1.
C.5. Test procedure
Test procedure as following: a) Start the test machine.
- b) After the wheel has rotated approximately 10,000 cycles, inspect and adjust, if necessary, let the moment on the nut (or bolt) of the wheel archived to the moment specified by the vehicle or wheel manufacture
- c) After finishing 500,000 cycle tests, carry out a check for broken t
Fan
Test drum
Load
Wheel fitted tire
Figure C.1 Typical equipment for radial fatigue test of the wheel
APPENDIX D IMPACT TEST
D.1. Purpose
This appendix describes a method to evaluate the impact resistance of the wheel rim when the wheel collides with the roadside for the purpose of testing and/or quality control of the wheel. D.2. Theory
A spring mounted load system is guided to allow free fall to hit the tire of the wheel which are tilted an angle of 13° from the horizontal.
D.3. Equipment D.3.1. Test equipment D.3.1.1. Overview
The tested wheels are new wheels, have typical wheels and tires specified for the vehicle types are intended. The tested tires and wheels must not be used to mounting on the vehicle. Impact loading test machine with a steel cast impact load which working vertically having an impacting face at least 125 mm wide and at least 375 mm long and sharp edges broken by radius or chamfer, described in figure D.1
D.3.1.2. Mass of impact load
The impact load mass, m, expressed in kilograms within a tolerance of ± 2%, shall be calculated as follows:
m = 0.6 x W + 180
Where W is the maximum wheel loading capacity, as specified by the wheel or vehicle manufacturer, expressed in kilograms.
additional load
tire
test wheel
Relative position between wheel and impact load
adjust position
Figure D.1: Install the typical testing machine for the impact test. D.3.1.3. Fixed frame
The fixed frame must be adjustable to suit different sizes and types of wheels; and the wheels can be rotated to be able to test the impact with different parts of the wheel.
D.3.2. Tire(s)
The tire size must be the smallest size (means the member has smallest width and height) such as provision on accordance of tire and wheel.
D.4. Installation for test
The wheel assembly will be fixed rigidly on the test machine in accordance with the following provisions:
- a) The outer surface of the wheel is a face impacted by impact load; b) The wheel is tilted an angle of 13° from the horiz
- c) The outside flange must be within the impact area of the load mass; d) Additional regulations on test declaration are as follows:
– Inflated pressure is specified by the vehicle manufacturer or in the absence of specification documentations, the test pressure shall be 200 ± 10 kPa.
– Nuts (or bolts) of the wheel are tightened to the moment specified by the vehicle or wheel manufacturer.
D.5. Test procedure
– Mount the test wheel assembly in the test machine such that the impact loading is applied to the rim flange of the wheel. The wheel is mounted with its axis at an angle of 13° ± 1° to the vertical.
– The tire is mounted to the test wheel specified by manufacturer. If the manufacturer does not regulate, the tubeless radial-ply tire will be used, with the smallest nominal wheel width intended for use on the test wheel. Inflated pressure is specified by the vehicle manufacturer or in the absence of specification documentations, the test pressure shall be 200 kPa.
The temperature of the test environment shall remain within a range of 10°C to 30°C throughout the test period.
Ensure that the wheel is mounted on the hub fixture with the same dimension such as would be used on a vehicle. Tighten the bolts (nuts) to a value or by a method as recommended by the vehicle or tire manufacturer.
Impact location: a location in the connecting area between the spokes with the rim and another position between two spokes, where the bolt hole is closest. Use new wheels each time.
Ensure that the impact load is over the tire, and overlaps the rim flange by 25 mm ± 1 mm. Raise the load to a height of 230 mm ± 2 mm above the highest part of the rim flange and allow it to fall, after that the wheel is checked to find broken traces.
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